The history of city and urbanism in Iran and Islam 1 2 2020 5 1 Analysis of Historical Factors Affecting the Morphology of Old Urban Fabric of Ardabil from 1921 to 1961 1 26 FA Each city has a unique geographical fabric which results from political, economic and historical processes as well as social functions and the dominant ideology in the society. There are different attitudes in the sciences related to cities, among which morphological attitude stands out. Based on this attitude, the present study deals with the historical factors affecting the old urban fabric of Ardabil between 1921 and 1961. The results of this research demonstrate that the most interferences and the most effective changes have taken place in the old urban fabric of Iranian cities during this period. In Ardabil, the formation of the municipality (Baladiyeh), destruction of Narin Qaleh, construction of streets, presence of modern urban elements such as cinemas and banks, and occupation of the city by Russians and Azerbaijani Democratic Party has changed the old urban fabric of the city significantly. Therefore, we conclude that the linear street elements and the point elements with different functions in local districts to larger areas have had the most effect on the bazaar and six main districts of the city, which have led to a break up between the bazaar and the districts and intermingling of urban functions

The history of city and urbanism in Iran and Islam 1 2 2020 5 1 Eco-Political Causes for the Formation of the City of Soltanieh in the History of Iranian Urbanism 27 50 FA Soltanieh, one of the important communication paths and at the same time one of the centers of political and civilization of Iran has seen many historical developments. One of these major developments was the Mongol invasion of Iran and the Ilkhanid era. One of the important consequences of the invasion and domination of the Mongols in this part of Iran was the widespread change in the structure of the city and urbanization which turned Soltanieh into one of the major political-cultural centers in Iran. The Mongol sultans, after settling in Iran and choosing the Tabriz as their capital, occasionally passed from Soltaniyah during hunts, summer tripes, and while passing through Iraq to Azerbaijan or vice versa, and spend their summer breaks there, in tents. Hence the name Qonqor Ulang or Iqer Olen (Meadow or hawk hunting ground). Arghun founded the city of Soltanieh in this place, the continuation of the building by Sultan Mohammad Khodabandeh led to the emergence of Soltanieh and its commercial political dynamics. Considering the vital role of the city in the coherence and order of the social life, it is argued that how much of the functioning of the city of Soltanieh in the political and economic structure of the Ilkhan government has been affected by its geographical location? How much construction of this city was affected by the recognition and analysis of the interrelationship between Soltanieh's geographical and climatic location and the political and economic objectives of the Ilkhanah and the role of these components? This paper seeks to provide a clearer explanation of the political and economic causes of the emergence of Soltanieh, with a descriptiveanalytical approach and through analyzing the knowledge in hand

The history of city and urbanism in Iran and Islam 1 2 2020 5 1 Investigation the evolution of the Old Esfaraen in Islamic period with emphasis on the spatial structure 51 74 FA Esfaryn is one of the major cities in Khorasan, which is located on communication the east-west. One of the major cities of the Islamic period in North Khorasan is the city of Esfarayn. The largest and most ancient settlement of this area is the remnants of the Islamic city of old Esfarayn, It is known as the Belgique city in the last century. The town of old Esfarayen (Belghis) is located three kilometers south of the present-day Esfarayn and covers an area of 200 hectares, and includes old spaces such as the castle, tower, downtown, ditch and Tape Monar. Unfortunately, most of the inland infrastructure is flattened by farmers and buried under the soil. Some of these architectural structures have been discovered in archaeological excavation. Studies of the history of cities and the study of the formation, expansions, and decline of them are from the most important issues of historical and Islamic period. Therefore, studying the spatial structure of the city reflects all the factors that played a role in its formation, formation, and decline. This paper aims at identifying the effective factors in the spatial structure of Esfarayen city by using the descriptive-analytical method with the help of written sources and archaeological data to identify and analyze the process of formation, expansion, and decline of the city of Esfarayn (Balqis). The results of this research show that the main foundation of this city was based on the Sassanid era and the natural factors and socioeconomic and political of the city were the main factors in the development of this city in Islamic periods, But since the Timurid period, the military factor, especially the attacks of Uzbeks and Afghans, has had a profound impact on the deterioration of the spatial structure of the city.

The history of city and urbanism in Iran and Islam 1 2 2020 5 1 The rise and fall of cities in Western Sassanian Iran due to the invasion of Muslim Arabs 75 92 FA Basra, Kufa, Askar Makrram and Waset are a pattern of cities designed to accommodate troops and armies, and over time took the form of an advanced Islamic city. Considering the special role these border towns of the west of the Sassanid Empire had in entering Islam in Iran, they took over the place of importantcities such as Abelah, Hira, Rustak Kwad, and Kaskar. Using a theoretical and analytical approach and library method, this research, seeks answer the question: what was the purpose of the establishment of these cities and what factors have contributed to their prosperity and development? The findings of the study indicate that considering the geographical location of Mesopotamia, while the construction of the cities of Basra, Kufa, Askar Makrom and Wasit, was for military objectives, over time, with the influence of Islamic culture, an Islamic city came to exist, with all its civil elements and under influance of Iranian and Arabic culture

The history of city and urbanism in Iran and Islam 1 2 2020 5 1 The evolution of urbanization in Egypt from the entrance of Islam to the end of the Fatimids 117 138 FA Since the main issue in this study was to study the evolution of urban development in Egypt until the end of the Fatimids, it sought to answer the main question of what was the context of urban development in Egypt during the Islamic period. The research findings based on the descriptive-analytical method show that one of the major developments that Islam brought to Egypt was in the field of urban planning and considering the build of various cities in Egypt in different periods such as Faustat, Askar, Qataye and Cairo, various elements such as mosques, neighborhoods, Dar-al-emarah (government building), schools, baths, hospitals, gardens and public places were built in these cities. Moreover, we are witnessing the formation of deities like Giza. However, the urban elements built in Fustat emerged linearly in the immediate vicinity of the Nile due to the urgent need for military settlement resulting in intensive residential areas, narrow passages, and small government houses. But with the construction of new areas of "al-Qataye" and "al-Askar" during the Abbasid and Talonyan periods, the city's physical density was somewhat reduced and the city expanded so that during various periods, markets and mosques, hospitals, gardens, and other physical elements of the city were formed in city by the Tolooni and Ekhshidy rulers. The turning point of Islamic urbanization occurred during the Fatimid era. During this period, Jowhar, Fatimid commander, with the help of engineers and experts, build a solidly and well designed city, called Cairo, to suit the caliph and his harem, the army and the warlords. Amongst the chenges created during this period, In addition to the wide alleys and streets of the city, there are numerous mansions, large baths, inns, markets, neighborhoods, and mosques, each of which was in a higher level of Beauty and breadth in compairison to the urbanization in the past periods.